Data ScienceSQL

MongoDB vs SQL: Which Database is Best for Developers?

Last Updated: 15th September, 2024

Arunav Goswami

Data Science Consultant at almaBetter

Know the difference between MongoDB and SQL. Explore MongoDB vs SQL, which is best for flexibility, scalability, performance, and more in our detailed guide.

In the world of database technology, the choice between MongoDB and SQL (Structured Query Language) databases is a critical decision that can impact the scalability, performance, and manageability of applications. MongoDB, a leading NoSQL database, offers a flexible, schema-less structure, perfect for handling big data and real-time web applications. On the other hand, SQL databases, like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Microsoft SQL Server, provide a structured data storage solution that has been the backbone of IT systems for decades. This article dives deep into the pros and cons of each, helping developers make an informed decision based on their specific project needs.

What is MongoDB?

MongoDB is a popular open-source NoSQL database. Unlike traditional relational databases that use tables and rows, MongoDB is document-oriented. It stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents where fields can vary from document to document. This flexibility allows you to store complex hierarchies and arrays more naturally and efficiently.

Here are some key features of MongoDB:

Schema-less: Each document in a collection can have a different structure, allowing for variability in data.
Document Model: The format is more intuitive for developers to understand and use, as it maps directly to objects in programming languages.
Scalability: MongoDB can handle large volumes of data and high levels of traffic by distributing data across multiple servers.
Indexing: You can index any field in a document, which improves the performance of search operations.
Aggregation Framework: MongoDB provides powerful tools for analyzing data and performing complex transformations and queries.
Replication: It supports data replication across servers, providing redundancy and increasing data availability.
Sharding: To support even larger databases and prevent bottlenecks, MongoDB can partition data across several servers.

These characteristics make MongoDB suitable for scenarios with large, complex, or changing data structures, such as big data applications, content management, mobile and social infrastructure, and more.

What is SQL?

SQL, which stands for Structured Query Language, is a standard programming language specifically designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. Developed in the 1970s, SQL is used for creating, maintaining, and retrieving data from relational databases, where data is stored in tables and relationships are defined between these tables.

Here are some key aspects of SQL and relational databases:

Structured Data: Data is organized into predefined models consisting of tables, rows, and columns. Each table represents a different type of entity and columns represent data fields.
ACID Compliance: SQL databases strictly follow the ACID principles (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) to ensure reliable processing of transactions, maintaining data accuracy and reliability.
Schema-dependent: Before data can be entered, the schema (structure of the database) must be defined in advance, specifying what form the data can take.
Querying: SQL provides powerful query capabilities to retrieve and interact with data. It can perform sophisticated operations like joins, which link data from multiple tables.
Data Integrity: SQL databases enforce data integrity using constraints such as foreign keys, unique keys, and check constraints to ensure that the data adheres to specified rules.
Standardization: SQL is highly standardized. Queries using SQL can be used across various systems with minimal changes.

SQL is widely used in scenarios where precise data management and complex transactions are critical, such as in banking systems, ERP systems, and other business applications that require robust data integrity and complex querying capabilities.

Learn SQL with our free SQL tutorial and try our online SQL compiler!

Difference Between SQL and MongoDB

Data Structure:

MongoDB: Uses a document-oriented model that stores data in JSON-like documents with dynamic schemas (BSON format), making it suitable for storing semi-structured and unstructured data.
SQL Databases: Store data in tables with fixed rows and columns, ideal for structured data that conforms to a defined schema.

Schema Flexibility:

MongoDB: Schema-less; documents in the same collection can have different structures. This makes it highly flexible and adaptable to changes.
SQL Databases: Schema-rigid; the structure of the database must be defined beforehand and all data must conform to this structure.

Scalability:

MongoDB: Designed with horizontal scalability in mind, it supports sharding (distributing data across multiple servers) to handle large-scale deployments more efficiently.
SQL Databases: Primarily scale vertically (by upgrading server hardware), though modern SQL databases have also started to support some forms of horizontal scaling.

Query Language:

MongoDB: Uses MongoDB Query Language (MQL), which is more flexible and directly tied to the document model. It does not adhere to the traditional SQL syntax.
SQL Databases: Use Structured Query Language (SQL), a standard and powerful language for querying and manipulating structured data.

Transactions:

MongoDB: Traditionally, it supported single-document atomicity. Recent versions have introduced multi-document transactions, but these are typically more limited compared to SQL.
SQL Databases: Strong support for complex transactions with multi-table joins and atomic, consistent, isolated, and durable (ACID) properties.

SQL Vs MongoDB Performance and Use Cases:

MongoDB: Excels in high-performance scenarios with large data volumes and high write loads, particularly where the data model can be aligned with its document-oriented approach. (e.g., IoT, real-time analytics, content management).
SQL Databases: Strong at handling complex queries with high accuracy and reliability, especially suitable for transaction-heavy applications requiring precise data relationship management such as financial software, inventory systems, and other business applications.

MongoDB vs SQL Server Architecture:

MongoDB: Optimized for distributed environments, allowing for easy expansion by adding more servers to the infrastructure.
SQL Databases: Typically relies on single-server or complex master-slave configurations; newer architectures include cluster-based setups for horizontal scaling but with more complexity.

This expanded overview provides a comprehensive comparison of MongoDB and SQL databases, considering their structural, operational, and performance characteristics.

Check out our ultimate MongoDB Cheat Sheet and SQL cheat sheet now to boost your database management skills!

Difference Between MongoDB and SQL in Tabular Format

Feature	MongoDB	MySQL
Database Type	NoSQL document database	Relational database management system (RDBMS)
Data Model	Document-oriented, storing data in JSON-like documents (BSON)	Table-oriented, storing data in rows and columns
Schema Flexibility	Schema-less, documents within the same collection can vary	Schema-rigid, requires predefined schema and data structure
Query Language	Uses MongoDB Query Language (MQL)	Uses Structured Query Language (SQL)
Scalability	Horizontally scalable, supports sharding	Primarily vertically scalable, though horizontal scaling is possible with more complexity
Transactions	Supports multi-document transactions, but less extensive than SQL	Strong support for complex transactions with ACID compliance
Indexing	Supports indexing on any document field	Supports indexing, primarily on table columns
Use Cases	Suitable for large sets of data with high write loads, flexible schema requirements like big data, content management, and real-time analytics	Ideal for applications requiring complex queries, transactions, and strong data integrity, like financial systems and other business applications
Consistency Model	Eventual consistency (stronger consistency in recent versions)	Strong consistency
Server Architecture	Designed for distributed environments, easy to add more servers	Typically runs on a single server or a master-slave configuration; complex clustering can be configured
Performance	High performance with large volumes of data and high throughput, especially in environments where the data model aligns well with its document model	Generally excellent at handling complex queries, especially where transactional integrity and precise data relationships are crucial

Check out our latest blogs “PostgreSQL vs MySQL” and “SQL vs NoSQL”

Conclusion

The choice between MongoDB and SQL databases largely depends on the specific requirements of your application. For applications requiring high flexibility, scalability, and speed, MongoDB is a suitable choice. However, for applications that depend on complex transactions and absolute data integrity, SQL databases remain the industry standard.

In choosing the right database, it's important to consider not only the current requirements but also the potential scale and future needs of your application. By understanding the strengths and limitations of each database type, developers can make more strategic, informed choices that will define the efficiency and capability of their applications for years to come.